![]() The attacks on New York and Washington, Johnson argues in The Sorrows of Empire, became pretexts for a vast expansion of U.S. The policies pursued by the Bush administration in the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks were in Johnson's eyes a radical ramping-up of the imperial project both abroad and at home, however. ![]() presence in Saudi Arabia during and after the 1991 war with Iraq. The September 11th attacks were arguably a dramatic illustration of what Johnson had in mind-Osama bin Laden's organization had of course grown out of the U.S.-supported international Islamicist war against the Soviet Union in Afghanistan, and was driven to deadly ire at the United States by the U.S. ![]() ![]() Maintaining forward-deployed military forces and pushing laissez faire economic policies on both newly industrialized and developing countries alike would create unintended negative consequences-"blowback"-for the United States, he predicted. had created a de facto empire during the Cold War which it then proceeded to strengthen rather than dismantle during the 1990s. Chalmers Johnson, president of the Japan Policy Research Institute and an ex-CIA consultant who once described himself as a "spear carrier for empire," created a minor stir in academic and policy circles with the publication in 2000 of his book Blowback: The Costs and Consequences of American Empire, in which he argued that the U.S. ![]()
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